Arrays

• use to organize a list of variables, constants, and other types
  
• all items must be of the same type (Ints, Floats, Strings, objects, optionals)
  
• items are indexed by integers starting with zero
  
• if copied → Pass by Value (original array is unchanged)
  

Performance Notes

• as an array grows in size, its capacity is doubled at certain breakpoints – 2, 4, 8, 16…
  
• when capacity is doubled, the array is reallocated in memory which can be an intensive process for a large array
  
• use reserveCapacity method to help control memory usage

Declaration

// declaration only, cannot append
var array1: [String]

// declaration - create/init with 0 value
var array2 = [Int]()
var array25: [Int] = []

// create and initialize with an initial value (preferred)
var array3 = ["A", "B", "C"]

// declare and populate with repeated values
var array4 = Array(repeating:"Zebra", count:3)

// creating from a dictionary  (can use values also)
let dict0 = [1: "first", 2: "second"]
var array5 = Array(dict0.keys)

• if let is used → array is immutable (cannot change/add to it)
  
• when creating from a dictionary, the array order is random

Retrieval

// -> Zebra
let animal = array4[2]

// -> A, B, C
print(array3)

Add Items append += insert

• adds to the end of the list (except insert)

// add 1 item -> 2
array2.append(2)

// add multiple items -> 2, 4, 5
array2.append(contentsOf: [4, 5])

// add a range of Ints -> 2, 4, 5, 1, 2...
array2.append(contentsOf: 1...6)
print(array2)

// shorthand method (+/=)
// adds multiple -> A, B, C, D, E
array3 += ["D", "E"]

// concatenate 2 arrays (index #'s continue after 1st array)
// -> Kiwi, Pears, Kiwi, Pears
array3 += array3

// clears except for item -> Pears
array3 = ["Pears"]

// add at a specific point (insert) -> Kiwi, Pears
array3.insert("Kiwi", at: 0)

Remove Items

// all index #'s shift down -> returns 2
array2.remove(at: 0)

// -> returns 6
array2.removeLast()

// removes all, but array stays initialized
array2.removeAll(keepingCapacity: true)
array2 = []

Change Items

• reference the item index with [] and assign a new value

// overwrites -> .1 = Peaches
array3[1] = "Peaches"

// adds via concatenation -> .1 = Peaches and cream
array3[1] += " and cream"

// overwrites multiple -> Zebra, Fox, Mice
array4[1...2] = ["Fox", "Mice"]

Iterating over Array Items

// -> Zebra, Bands, Straws
for i in array3 {
   print("i = \(i)")
}

// -> Fruit: Kiwi at: 0...
for index in 0 ..< array3.count {
   print("Fruit: \(array3[index]) at: \(index)")
}

// naming both -> Fruit: Kiwi at: 0...
for (index, fruit) in array3.enumerated() {
   print("Fruit: \(fruit) at: \(index)")
}

• i index fruit → auto declared type-inferred constants used to iterate so that the item evaluated is not altered
  
• enumerated() → returns a tuple composed of – index and item value

Multiple Type Arrays

• not recommended, but possible

// -> Array<any>.Type
var songs: [Any] = ["Rose", "Bud", 3]
type(of: songs)
</any>

Miscellaneous Functions

// count the # of items -> 0
array2.count

// returns a Bool (true = empty) -> true
array2.isEmpty

// shows if the array contains a certain value (true = yes)
array3.contains("Bandanas")

// assigning value to first|last items
// -> Kiwi
let firstFruit = array3.first
// -> Peaches and cream
let lastFruit = array3.last

Arrays pass by value

var arrayA = [1, 2, 3]
var arrayB = arrayA
arrayB[0] = 10

// -> 1, 2, 3
arrayA
// -> 10, 2, 3
arrayB